http://www.articletrader.com/ Articles at ArticleTrader en-us http://www.articletrader.com/science/drug-discovery.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/drug-discovery.html Tue, 17 Jul 2007 00:00:00 -0500 Drug discovery is mostly portrayed as a linear, consecutive process that starts with target and lead discovery, followed by lead optimization and pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies to determine if such compounds satisfy a number of pre-set criteria for initiating clinical development. Drugs interact with targets, usually proteins, in body and through such interactions cause physiological responses. Drug development begins with the identification of suitable target which must contribute suitably to human disease. Ideally altering the activity of this target should have a beneficial effect thus showing its potential for therapeutic intervention. The next stage of process is lead discovery, where compounds showing some of the desired activities of an ideal drug are sought. Optimization of lead result in drug candidates that maybe registered a submitted for clinical trails which establish their safety and metabolic behavior I human subjects
They can also be used to analyze the target structures for possible binding active sites, generate candidate molecules, check for their drug likeliness, dock these molecules with the target, rank them according to their binding affinities, further optimize the molecules to improve binding characteristics Genomics and proteomics, combinatorial chemistry and /HTS Have all contributed to massive increase in amount of data generated by pharmaceutical industry. The role of bioinformatics is to store, track and provide tool for analysis of this data. Computational tools offer the advantage of delivering new drug candidates more quickly and at a lower cost. Major roles of computation in drug discovery are; (1) Virtual screening & de novo design, (2) in silico ADME/T prediction and (3) Advanced methods for determining protein-ligand binding Since applications include modeling of proteins interactions with small molecules allowing rational drug design, the association of genotype and drug response patterns studied under the special branch “Pharmacogenomics”, the design and assessment of chemical diversity in combinatorial laboratories and processing and storage of data for high throughput screens of lead compounds.



--
SEO is a very challenging job. I am working as SEO in HANS India.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/offshore-oil-rigs.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/offshore-oil-rigs.html Mon, 08 Oct 2007 00:00:00 -0500
Oil platforms can be located far out in the ocean. The capability of drilling in deeper and deeper waters is becoming more and more feasible every day. Currently, we can access oil reservoirs about five miles down from the ocean’s surface. Helicopters carry workers to and from the oil platform. Cranes lift and lower supplies from ships to the platform. The drill is made of thirty-three foot long pipes pieced together to get to the depth of the ocean floor. A drill bit is located at the end of the pipes. All of the drilling equipment is housed in a steel tower known as the derrick. Most oil platforms are equipped with fireproof life boats and living quarters with fireproof walls for its workers. Since fires and explosions are not unheard of on oil rigs, workers are sometimes housed in floating living quarters away from the rig itself.

Oil rigs have to be built to be extremely tough. They must be able to withstand super high winds and a continuous pounding of waves. Engineers monitor and repair all parts of the oil rig night and day. They check for cracks and parts that may have been weakened, especially after storms or a hurricane. Any parts that become rusty or loose could mean disaster. The safety of all the workers is in their hands. They make sure that any excess gas that cannot be used is burned off to reduce the amount of explosion risk around and under the oil platform. Fireboats are always nearby, ready to extinguish any fires that may erupt, with thousands of gallons of water per minute.

Life on an oil platform can be tough for workers. They are exposed to high winds, dangerous conditions and harsh weather. The work itself can be extremely hard, physically, and mentally can be tough because workers are usually required to live on the rig for weeks at a time. Roustabouts are workers that keep everything running smoothly around the drilling area. Roughnecks are more highly trained to work the drill itself. Roughnecks add pipe to the drill when needed and make repairs as they go. People work on the rig night and day to keep things running smoothly and safely.

All oil rigs have a team of highly skilled divers permanently on call. Divers are responsible to the erection of the rig during production. They are then responsible for monitoring all of the underwater components of the oil platform. They are required to make repairs to pipes, cables and the underlying structures of the rig.


--
About the Author: Mickey Horn is the Executive VP of Investor Relations of Western Pipeline Corporation. Western Pipeline Corp specializes in identifying, acquiring and developing existing, producing reserves on behalf of its individual clients.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/crypticthinking.com-posts-new-evidence-to-support-ancient-astronaut-theory.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/crypticthinking.com-posts-new-evidence-to-support-ancient-astronaut-theory.html Thu, 06 Sep 2007 00:00:00 -0500 CrypticThinking.com looks at a single ancient astronaut possibility for clues on where to search for extraterrestrial life. Website pages concentrate on a lone space traveler of the Dark Ages, deemed to have made overt contact with humans in the Andean region of South America and covert contact with Mohammad and with Judaic scholars in the Near East.
Online evidence of Andean contact now includes archaeological engravings of the alleged alien from the Tiwanaku civilization in Bolivia. St. George argues that these engravings are depicting an aquatic creature with helmeted spacesuit and with hand-held devices that gave it the ability to fly freestyle through the air. St. George also attributes the Nazca Lines (same time period) to the same ancient astronaut and he reproduces an Andean Sun Disk, allegedly based on an alien artifact, a cosmological piece that depicts aquatic aliens and its spaceship while alluding to evolution, a parallel universe, and speed-of-light time travel.
St. George bases his evidence of simultaneous contact in the Near East on two Judaic Kabbalah texts (the Sefer Yetzirah and the unverified Revelations of Elijah) and the Islamic Koran, theorizing that parts of the Revelations survived for translation and inclusion in a book of prophecies published by Nostradamus in the sixteenth century. However, it is hardly of question of the three theological works referring to the alien. St. George concludes that the alien directly authored all three in the sixth century to influence the course of human history. He provides extensive theological and cryptological evidence.
ancient astronauts




--
St. George insists that he is a scholar, not a New Age opportunist, and that his theories merit consideration. Maybe so, and now all aspects of these theories are online for worldwide review at CrypticThinking.com, http://www.crypticthinking.com .

ancient astronauts



Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/discover-more-about-the-importance-of-early-childhood-education.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/discover-more-about-the-importance-of-early-childhood-education.html Sun, 23 Oct 2005 00:00:00 -0500 Were you or your children ready for Kindergarten at the age of five years old? Most students pass the physical, emotional, and academic criteria to enter Kindergarten. However, some students have trouble transitioning from preschool to Kindergarten in their early childhood education. These children can benefit from early childhood education programs such as Head Start.

There is a constant debate as to why some students are not ready for Kindergarten like their peers. There are varying circumstances that can cause this to happen. The student may not be emotionally or developmentally ready. Their experiences at home or a physical disability may have impaired their psychological and physical development.

The government, educational organizations, teachers, and parents all play a role in the educational development of each child. When things go wrong, each party tends to point fingers at another party. This can be counterproductive and many times erupts from misunderstanding between the parties.

The government sets specific guidelines and standards for education. For example, President Bush has enacted the “No Child Left Behind Act”. The purpose of this act is to have all students achieve a competent to above average educational score. This act is based on positive ideals, but has been found to be very difficult to achieve in the American school system.

This leads to the question of what practices and procedures are the teachers currently administering in the classroom? There are specific standards that must be met in the public school system. Some subjects have national guidelines while others have state by state guidelines.

One of the major requirements for early childhood teachers, as well as teachers of all levels, is to provide developmentally appropriate content and presentation. An example for early childhood teachers is not to expect students to write a two page essay about their summer vacation when they don’t even know how to hold a pencil.

Education in the early childhood years tends to focus on motor skills and “play”. Children in these years learn greatly through “play”. Early childhood teachers take these developmental stages into account when creating lessons and activities. They cover the specified guidelines as determined by their state.

If your child is not ready for Kindergarten it may not necessarily be the fault of their school system. Consult doctors, counselors, and educational professionals to determine the readiness of your child. Your child may have a learning disability that can be treated successfully because it was recognized early. Then your child will be ready to take their first snack of graham crackers and milk as a Kindergarten student.







--
To Discover more about early childhood education please visit www.officialeducation.com

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/forensic-psychiatry-what-is-the-difference-between-forensic-and-clinical-psychiatry.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/forensic-psychiatry-what-is-the-difference-between-forensic-and-clinical-psychiatry.html Thu, 27 Dec 2007 00:00:00 -0600 CSI or NCIS television shows, but what exactly is the role of a forensic psychiatrist and how does it differ from a clinical psychiatrist? In this article, we will explain briefly what a forensic psychiatrist does and note the aspects of this profession versus clinical psychiatry.


The objective of clinical psychiatry is to improve the patient's condition via a trusting relationship. Once a sense of trust is developed between the patient and the doctor, the patient opens up and tells the psychiatrist everything he needs to know in order to develop a proper treatment plan. This process is cooperative, and the psychiatrist keeps all his moral or value judgments to himself.

In contrast, forensic psychiatry is merely the antithesis of clinical psychiatry. This form of psychiatry is adversarial as opposed to cooperative. Here, moral and value judgments are made against the patient regarding his responsibility in a crime. The objective of forensic psychiatry is not to treat the patient but rather dissect the patient's personality to uncover his or her true motives. Simply put, the patient and the forensic psychiatrist are often in different corners of the ring.

In clinical psychiatry, the patient has no reason to lie since both the patient and the clinical psychiatrist want the patient's condition to improve. In forensic psychiatry, the patient has every reason to lie, cheat, or deceive with the intent of covering up the truth about their actions and thoughts. Patients of forensic psychiatrists will engage in this practice especially if they know they are guilty of a crime they are accused of committing. Forensic psychiatric patients want all possible motivations for committing a crime to be secret. They may feign or exaggerate symptoms to create an insanity defense. The forensic psychiatrist is most often considered an enemy unlike a clinical psychiatrist who is considered a friend.

Keep this in mind when you are watching CSI, NCIS, or any other type of similar program. You will know the difference between these two types of psychiatrists who are called to a witness stand to testify on behalf of the defense or the prosecution.

--
Fabiola Castillo is an online marketer for the website NinjaCOPS.com. This virtual store specializes in personal defense products where you can buy Mace pepper spray, kubaton keychains, hidden video cameras, cheap stun guns, nunchaku tricks videos, telescopic steel batons, and many other home security products.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/science-fairs-arent-the-only-time-to-do-science-projects.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/science-fairs-arent-the-only-time-to-do-science-projects.html Tue, 10 Jul 2007 00:00:00 -0500
Science fairs aren’t the only time to do science projects. Just as it does not make sense to restrict any writing that you do for English class, you do not need to wait for the next fair to do a science project. Science projects are not only educational, they are fun. In fact, many of the movies, magic shows and books that we read are full of interesting scientific concepts. Over the years, scientists have been working to answer questions about almost anything that you can think of a new explanations are emerging every day. Scientific theory is so interesting because there isn’t always one way to solve a problem. Imagine the kind of self esteem boost a child is capable of receiving when they discover a solution to a problem that maybe they have never thought of before.

The imagery of gears moving inside a person’s head is a common way to explain what it might look like to see how someone works through a problem. Now imagine how much easier those mental gears would move if you were constantly maintaining them by oiling them and making sure that they ran smoothly? This mental maintenance is exactly what you can do for your mind and the mind of a child when you regularly do science projects together. You can ensure that your gears do not get jammed when the school science fair rolls around.

Science can be very fun. Kids of all ages can participate somehow in scientific experiments whether it is watching the clouds or the stars in the sky, or monitoring the growth of a plant. Science is everywhere and in everything. The tricky part sometimes is thinking of how you can make an experiment or a project out of the things that you see happening around you? Many parents get stuck at this point in the process. They are willing to help their children learn more by doing regular science projects, but they just don’t know how to do it.

Luckily the Internet can help. There you can find science project ideas that follow the scientific method. The scientific method can be used to solve almost any problem or question that your child may have. In the scientific method a child learns how to ask questions, make a guess as to what a possible solution might be, test their guess, and either come to a conclusion that their guess was right and they have their answer, or find that their guess was not right and formulate a new theory and a different experiment. These science project ideas encourage children to work through their questions to learn how to find answers for themselves.

--
Just Science Projects is a well-known source for science projects and science experiments for kids. Just Science Projects features dozens of fun experiments and projects that teach science principles while showing them that science is fun! To get science projects and activities for your kids , visit us or call us at 206-498-6502.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/127-reasons-why-astronauts-hate-space.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/127-reasons-why-astronauts-hate-space.html Thu, 13 Mar 2008 00:00:00 -0500
Space was not designed with tourists in mind. It’s a hostile environment with temperatures that fluctuate between 120 and -100 degrees Celsius and extreme radiation. There is no oxygen and no air pressure. Luckily, if you’re ever exposed to conditions in outer-space, you’ll only be conscious for about 15 seconds before all the oxygen is sucked from your body. That way perhaps you won’t notice being pelted by friendly fire from casually discarded space junk, nor will you be aware of your vital organs expanding and bursting in the vacuum created by zero air pressure.

All those travelling to space are therefore very grateful for the invention of spacesuits. Spacesuits perform a variety of functions all designed to keep those in them alive. They provide pure oxygen, remove carbon dioxide, regulate the temperature, protect against radiation and the dreaded micrometeoroids, all within a pressurised atmosphere. In addition to taking care of these vital physical needs, they also allow for (relatively) easy mobility and enable communication between astronauts in the suits and those within the (again, relative) safety of the space craft.

After much trial, error and refinement, the spacesuits worn for all of the Apollo missions consisted of a water-cooled nylon undergarment, multi-layers of nylon to maintain pressure, five layers of aluminised Mylar and four layers of Dacron to regulate temperature. They included additional heat protection in the form of two layers of Kapton, a layer of Teflon-coated cloth and a layer of Teflon cloth to protect against projectiles, as well as boots, gloves, and a helmet. Not to mention the extra pairs of over-boots and gloves that were needed to walk in space.

The modern spacesuit, known as an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), is designed to be more flexible, comfortable and to provide greater ease of movement. The EMU consists of 13 layers of material. Materials used include Kevlar (of bullet-proof vests fame), neoprene and urethane-coated nylon, and spandex.

EMUs are of the one size fits all variety, as opposed to earlier models, which were specially tailored to fit the astronauts. They weigh 127 kg (twice as much as the Apollo suits), require a 25-step process to put on and take off, and cost $12 million each. Should astronauts find that they don’t offer the protection guaranteed, their next of kin can take the matter up with contractors Hamilton Sundstrand and ILC Dover.

Included in an EMU is a Maximum Absorption Garment (MAG) which collects urine and an In-Suit Drink Bag (IDB), so that the MAG has something to collect. These are actually two of the most important features of the EMU because astronauts can be stuck in their suits for up to seven hours, which is plenty of time for dehydration to set in. Working in space is challenging enough without astronauts having to worry about hydration levels and the next pee-break.

In the future, astronauts can look forward to suits so lightweight that it would be like wearing a second skin. At least if scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) get their way. A team, headed by Dava Newman of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, is working on developing a Bio-Suit System that will augment biological skin and provide ‘mechanical counter-pressure’. This means that it will combat the lack of pressure in space by applying its own pressure to the astronaut’s body. Designed as a spray-on application, it will also enhance strength and stamina.

The suit isn’t entirely without constraint, however, as it’ll have to be worn with a hard torso shell, which would provide life-support system and maintain pressure throughout the suit, helmet, gloves and boots. It’s still a far cry from the 127 kg worn by astronauts of today though, for which astronauts of the future will be profoundly grateful.

Recommended sites:

http://science.howstuffworks.com/space-suit.htm

http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/spacesuit_innovations_050126.html



--
Sandra wrote this article for the online marketers Dickies Store functional protective clothing one of the most successful protective clothing stores in the UK

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/ic-sourcing-the-easy-way_1.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/ic-sourcing-the-easy-way_1.html Sun, 08 Feb 2009 08:35:34 -0600
The first obstacle that you will stumble upon when searching for your electronics and integrated circuits online is that many consumer items already have the set of numbers and letters which matches the component you are looking for, so after a few hours of online browsing you might feel that you have hit a dead end.

The best way to find what you're looking for is to get specific, especially when you're using search engines; this means that if you have an IC part number BZX84C5V1-V it is important that you enter the keywords: integrated circuit, electronic component or the specific key term associated with your search. Another piece of information that comes in handy when looking for specific parts is to know or have an idea of the name of the manufacturer who produces the IC you are looking for, so if you know Vishay Signal & Small Opto Products are two manufacturers who produce the IC you are looking for then try to get those names in the search query.

An online resource that can definitely come in handy when looking for specific parts is called "Partmango" - this site is an industry-specific database of integrated circuits and components that filters out all the web noise and allows you to find the part you are looking for, moreover; it also references data sheets associated with each IC or semiconductor.

The most obvious advantage of such online databases is that when you look for an IC or semiconductor you are very likely to find the exact item instead of finding a random MP3 player or electronic device that just happens to have the same name of the part you are looking for. Yet another advantage of using Partmango's database is that you're able to get an accurate description, price and quantity each manufacturer has in store, which is information referenced for each part and can obviously make your life a whole lot easier, especially when it comes to the sometimes tedious job of IC sourcing.

So whether you are a technician developing a biomedical circuitry, a military intelligence device or are just making your own robotics idea come to life the most important aspect that has to be met when searching for ICs is that you get accurate and up-to-date information which is why it is encouraged to use specialized online databases that are able to provide content rich information according to your query and direct manufacturer references which is ultimately how IC sourcing is done the easy way.

--
To Buy Electronics components and to find Obsolete IC units visit our expert source of Electronic components at partmango.com

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/what-sets-some-detailers-appart.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/what-sets-some-detailers-appart.html Fri, 02 Mar 2007 00:00:00 -0600
Another place to learn is from the seasoned veterans. When I first started my auto detailing business I took a weekend class offered by one of the detail suppliers. I soon found myself out there with more work than I knew what to do with. I also found myself poorly equipped to offer a great detail in a timely fashion. I didn't seem to have trouble getting the work but I wasn't happy with my quality and I often found myself spending far more time than I should on one car.

What was I going to do to improve my skills and finish the cars quick enough to actually make money. Well I found a solution that many detailers often over look. I went back to the detail supply shop and asked the owner who he thought was the most successful detailer he knew.

He gave me the business card of a guy who had been in business for years and had a great reputation for quality work and customer service. I called the detailer and explained my predicament. At first he was a little wary of why I would be calling him. After reassuring him that I worked in an area about 45 minutes from his area he was a little more willing to help. We made a deal for me ride along with him 1 day a week for a few months. I payed him $100 a day and learned all the tricks that help me down to this day.

Rick and myself are still great friends and I'm happy to say that I have been able to offer him some help on occasion. Our relationship is based on an idea that most detailers are deathly afraid of, asking another detailer for help. Most of us feel that any communication with our competitors will give away some secret business strategy that will destroy us. But this is far from the truth. With a little caution, relationships with competition can and are often very useful for both parties.

We need to remember that in most communities there is a ton of work. The things that often cause the problems are thing like pricing. It would be far better if we discussed pricing with our competition helping keep prices high. I have been detailing for years and try to build relationships with everyone I meet in the industry. I try to share tricks with many new detailers and even toss a little work their way form time to time. I have found that this friendly style of doing business has payed dividends in help from fellow detailers in times of personal crisis.

I guess what I want other detailers to get from this is that we can work together to keep prices high and the industry clean. I hope this article helps my fellow detailers and offers the new detailer some advice that has helped me set myself appart over the years.

--

For more information on auto detailing check out DrWheel.com


Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]> http://www.articletrader.com/science/4-ways-to-help-your-child-improve-their-science-skills.html http://www.articletrader.com/science/4-ways-to-help-your-child-improve-their-science-skills.html Wed, 13 Jun 2007 00:00:00 -0500
Most people can pick out what different sciences have to deal with, such as earth science you know it has to do with the earth but do you really know what it entail? How can you help your children improve their science skills if you don’t even know what the facts of science are? Well you are in luck because here are 4 ways to help your child improve their science skills.

The first way you can help your child to improve their science skills is to get involved. Know what your child is learning about. After you know what your children are learning about find ways to interact using what your children are learning about as it pertains to everyday life.

For example say they are learning about plants. You might want to plant a certain kind of seed and watch it grow. As it grows and goes through the various stages of growth observe what is different in each stage. Together look at the plant and have your child point out what they are observing and then point out what you have observed. Then go over what they are learning in science and show how what they are learning in class and what you and your child are doing at home correlate together. This will help your child improve their science skills by being able to correlate things together making it easier to remember.

The second way you can help your child improve their science skills is to introduce your children to different environments. For example show your kids the ocean, lakes, swamps, parks, airports, and your backyard or even cardboard boxes. This will help stimulate your child’s mind and help them get a feel for their surroundings. This will help them to start asking questions that you can answer and expanding on this will help you get involved.

The third way you can help your child improve their science skills is to take your children to nature parks and museums. This helps to show your child different aspects of science and help them learn better than if they were just reading it from a book. Even the simplest of experience in the long run can tend to be the most important in a child’s mind.

The fourth way you can help your child improve their science skills is to take time for discussion. If you have a job that includes some sort of science then try to include that in discussions and how it pertains to science. Have discussions over breakfast or dinner. No matter what time of the day it is make sure that you are interacting and discussing your interests in science with your child. Discussing science will help your child see that you are interested in science and might help them want to be more interested in science too. You are your child’s most important teacher. They will love to learn from you.

All four of these ways are ways to help your child improve their science skills. If you will just take the extra time to spend with your child learning about even the littlest of things, your children will learn something and hopefully take something away with them that they can use for the rest of their lives.

--
Just Science Projects is a well-known source for science projects and science experiments for kids. Just Science Projects features dozens of fun experiments and projects that teach science principles while showing them that science is fun! To get science projects and science fair ideas for your kids, visit us or call us at 206-498-6502.

Source: http://www.articletrader.com ]]>